The Best AP US Government Review 5-Step Guide

The Best AP US Government Review 5-Step Guide SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips AP US Government can be an intriguing class for those keen on how the American political framework functions and what variables prompted its development. While the test is less troublesome than numerous different APs, it's as yet imperative to comprehend the sorts of inquiries you can expect and the most effective approaches to consider dependent on the substance. In this article, I'll experience test inquiries from each piece of the test, list a bit by bit AP Government audit process, and give a few hints to taking advantage of your contemplating. What’s the Format of the AP US Government Exam? The test is two hours and twenty-five minutes in length, and, as other AP tests, it incorporates numerous decision and free-reaction sections.The various decision area is 45 minutes in length and contains 60 questions.You’ll procure one point for each question you answer accurately; there are no focuses deducted for erroneous answers or questions you leave blank.The free-reaction segment is 100 minutes in length and contains four questions.Each question in the free-reaction segment merits a similar level of your score, in spite of the fact that they normally have various quantities of crude focuses conceivable. What Do Questions Resemble on the AP US Government Exam? In this area, I’ll give official instances of inquiries from each segment of the test.The different decision model is from the course rules, and the free-reaction model is a discharged inquiry from the 2015 AP test. Different Choice Question Example But questions are regular on the AP US Government exam.It’s basic to peruse these inquiries cautiously with the goal that you don’t wind up getting mistook and searching for an inappropriate answer.In this case, we are searching for the one reaction that doesn’t speak to a worry about the blemishes of the Articles of Confederation.We need to wipe out the reactions that were authentic explanations behind adjusting the Articles of Confederation. The fundamental issue with the Articles of Confederation was that they made a weak focal government that didn’t have enough capacity to control clashes between the states.We can kill any answers that discussion about issues with shortcomings of the focal government.That implies B, D, and E should all be crossed out, leaving us with An and C as expected answers. Decision C, the craving to advance exchange among the states, is associated with the issues with an absence of incorporated power.Since the states were so self-ruling, exchange hindrances were being set up that smothered the economy and isolated the nation too drastically.The central government should have been fortified so it could keep such obstructions from being hurled and making divisions and competitions that harmed the country’s economy as a whole.This implies that decision C can likewise be wiped out. Decision A, the main answer left, is the one we want.Although there was at last disappointment over protections of individual rights and freedoms which prompted the production of the Bill of Rights, this didn't work out as expected until two or after three years; it wasn’t an immediate driving force for the show. Free This inquiry requires a comprehension of presidential political decision arrangements and procedures.You could gain one point to some degree A for portraying a motivation behind why the discretionary school was established by the designers of the constitution.Potential answers include: It accommodates a trade off among little and huge states in the political race process. It secures against direct political race by inadequately educated residents (takes into account elites). The designers didn't confide in the individuals, Congress, or state assemblies to choose the president all alone. The constituent school strengthens federalism and gives expresses a job in presidential choice. For part B (likewise worth one point), you need to clarify the message the animation sends with respect to presidential elections.You may state that it calls attention to that applicants chiefly center around battleground or swing states while setting considerably less accentuation on most other states.Alternatively, you could just say that the animation shows that most states are disregarded by presidential competitors in the political race process. For part C (once more, worth one point), you would need to clarify why California, Texas, and New York are not accentuated in the animation in spite of being alloted huge amounts of constituent votes.You could state that each one of those states are vigorously constrained by one gathering or the other, so battling there will just assistance an applicant so much.Their casting a ballot designs are basically foreordained. The destiny of the political decision is ordinarily chosen in littler yet more equitably isolated states. For part D, worth two focuses, you simply need to depict two crusade strategies utilized in swing states during presidential elections.Possible answers include: Amassing effort assets in those states Putting out more TV promotions and media inclusion in those states Having bigger crusade associations positioned in those states Showing up in those states Concentrating on issues that swing voters in those states care about Choosing a running mate who hails from one of the swing states You could acquire a possible aggregate of five crude focuses for this inquiry, which is a run of the mill number of focuses for most AP US Government free-reaction questions.On the 2015 test, the initial three free-reaction questions were worth five focuses each, and the last inquiry was worth seven points.Keep as a main priority that each question has a similar effect on your last score paying little heed to its crude point value.That implies there’s no motivation to organize one inquiry over another; simply start with whichever question appears to be least demanding to you. Which Topics Does the AP US Government Exam Cover? There are six significant subjects secured by the exam.Here’s a graph enumerating how frequently you’ll see every one of them in the different decision area: Theme Area Level of Questions Sacred Underpinnings of US Government 5-15% Political Beliefs and Behaviors 10-20% Ideological groups, Interest Groups, and Mass Media 10-20% Establishments of National Government: The Congress, the Presidency, the Bureaucracy, and the Federal Courts 35-45% Open Policy 5-15% Social liberties and Civil Liberties 5-15% Step by step instructions to Review for AP US Government It very well may be difficult to tell where to begin with your AP Gov survey - I'll walk you through five stages to get you readyfor the test. Stage 1: Take a Practice Test The initial phase in your audit ought to be to take a genuine practice exam.You need to do this before you jump into concentrating so you can concentrate on the regions that need the most work as opposed to perusing the material indiscriminately.As I referenced in the past area, you ought to likewise be certain totime yourself precisely on this training test. When you’re done, score the test (one point for each numerous decision question, counsel explicit scoring rules for nothing reaction questions), and utilize this adding machine to change over your crude score into a rough AP score.This should give you some knowledge into how much time you’ll need to spend examining in the event that you need to arrive at your objectives. The AP US Government test is known as one of the simpler AP tests, so I'd propose that you focus on a 5 except if you're truly battling with the material. Stage 2: Look Back at Your Mistakes When you’ve wrapped up the test, survey your errors to see which themes should be tended to in your studying.Categorize inaccurate answers by subject zone and additionally expertise set.If you find that you experienced a great deal of difficulty with questions that got some information about the legal executive, you would need to concentrate on that content in your audit meetings. You can likewise consider the kinds of inquiry designs that entangled you most frequently.For model, on the off chance that you saw that you did particularly inadequately on EXCEPT questions, you may infer that you have to work on easing back down and giving more consideration to the wording of inquiries on the test. Stage 3: Study Whatever You Forgot Presently, you can jump again into your notesand concentrate any substance that was tricky for you on the training test.If you don’t have numerous issues with content and are battling more with the test position or reckless mix-ups, you can simply do a short audit of any little goodies you missed and afterward move onto the following stage. Stage 4: Do Selective Practice Questions This progression is significant on the off chance that you battled with â€Å"EXCEPT† questions or the greater part of your missteps originated from thoughtless mistaken assumptions of the questions.Practicesimilar questions so that you’re increasingly used to the kinds of wording and arrangements you’ll see on the exam.You can discover huge amounts of training addresses accessible on various sites and in survey books (I’ll in the long run be composing another article that rundowns these assets for you). Stage 5: Take a Second Practice Test to Measure Your Progress When you’re fulfilled that you have a superior handle on all the issues that tormented you on the main practice test, you should step through another exam to check whether you’ve made genuine progress.Again, time the test precisely, and take it in a peaceful, interruption free environment.If you find that your scores have improved, you can either conclude that you’re fulfilled or go for significantly greater improvement by experiencing this procedure again.If you don’t see a lot of progress, you ought to backtrack and reevaluate your investigation process.It might be that you were perusing your notes without truly retaining them or you didn’t do what's needed practice inquiries to get the hang of the test. Here’s a rough timetable for the finish of every one of the five of these means: Stage 1: 3 hoursStep 2: 1 hourStep 3: 2 hoursStep 4: 2 hoursStep 5: 3 hours Complete Time: 11

Prohibition and the Birth of Organized Crime Essay examples -- America

Disallowance in the United States was a measure intended to diminish drinking by taking out the organizations that produced, circulated, and sold mixed refreshments. The Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution removed permit to work together from the brewers, distillers, vintners, and the discount and retail venders of mixed refreshments. The pioneers of the forbiddance development were frightened at the drinking conduct of Americans, and they were worried that there was a culture of drink among certain areas of the populace that, with proceeding with movement from Europe, was spreading (â€Å"Why Prohibition† 2). Somewhere in the range of 1860 and 1880 America's urban populace developed from 6 million to in excess of 14 million individuals. The mass of this enormous increment wound up drudging in industrial facilities and sweatshops and living in terrible social conditions; getting alcoholic was there just feature throughout everyday life. Forbiddance is the legitimate restriction on the assembling and offer of inebriating drink (â€Å"Temperance, Prohibition, Alcoholism† 1). The term additionally indicates those periods in history when such bans have been in power, just as the political and social developments overlooking them. This technique for alcohol control was frequently planned for forestalling liquor addiction and in this way evacuating a social, physical, and financial damage from society. Numerous Americans, strict pioneers, and political pioneers considered liquor to be the way in to such was detestable, a revile on the country. Critical quantities of individuals accepted that the utilization of mixed refreshments introduced a genuine danger to the uprightness of their most essential establishments, particularly the family (â€Å"Prohibition† 846). In the 1600's and 1700's, the American pilgrims drank huge amounts of brew, rum, wine, and hard juice. These mixed refreshments were frequently more secure to drink than debased water or unpasteurized milk and furthermore more affordable than espresso or tea. By the 1820's, individuals in the United States were drinking, by and large, the likeness 7 gallons of unadulterated liquor per individual every year (â€Å"drinkingprohibition† 1). As right on time as the seventeenth century, America was demonstrating enthusiasm towards disallowance. A few people, including doctors and priests, got worried about the degree of liquor use (â€Å"There was one...† 1). They accepted that drinking liquor harmed individuals' wellbeing and good conduct, and advanced destitution. Individuals worried about liquor use u... ... started in 1934, prevailing with regards to helping drunkards (â€Å"History† 3).      Prohibition neglected to improve wellbeing and righteousness. Forbiddance should be a financial and good boon. Jails and poorhouses were to be purged, charges cut, and social issues wiped out. Forbiddance didn't accomplish its objectives. Rather, it added to the issues it was expected to understand and replaced different methods of tending to issues. The main replacements of Prohibition were peddlers, wrongdoing supervisors, and the powers of large government.      The Prohibition of liquor was presumably the most silly Amendment throughout the entire existence of the United States of America. Regular individuals had to change their propensities of drinking mixed refreshments. Be that as it may, just a minority truly quit drinking, all the others became lawbreakers. Any violator of the alcohol law had the dread of getting captured. What's more, some of them were captured and indicted only for drinking liquor. The unlawful alcohol business, brought about by Prohibition, was the beginning of sorted out wrongdoing in the USA. Numerous legislators and different authorities in all positions got degenerate and criminal. This state stayed significantly after the cancelation of the alcohol law for quite a while.

3 Errors Involving Prepositions

3 Errors Involving Prepositions 3 Errors Involving Prepositions 3 Errors Involving Prepositions By Mark Nichol You are endeavoring to portray an activity, yet you can’t recollect whether one, state, goes in to the break or into the penetrate, or whether one, for instance, strolls on to the following path intersection or onto the following path intersection. This post clarifies the individual jobs of the usable words and expressions. A prepositional expression is an expression that incorporates a relational word, a word that, as its name suggests, precedes the object of a sentence. For instance, into and onto are relational words portraying development comparable to objects in the prepositional expressions â€Å"into the trench† and â€Å"onto the roof.† Because these prepositional expressions give extra data about an activity that happened (as in the sentences â€Å"She jumped into the trench† and â€Å"The kid climbed onto the roof†), they fill in as verb modifiers. We for the most part consider modifiers single words (as in â€Å"She jumped impetuously† or â€Å"The kid climbed quickly†), however qualifiers can comprise of at least two words, which show up with no extra data or joined with single word intensifiers, either neighboring one another or isolated by the subject and the action word (as in â€Å"She jumped recklessly into the trench† or â€Å"Quickly, the kid climbed onto the roof†). â€Å"In to† and â€Å"on to,† on the other hand, each contain two unmistakable grammatical features: a verb modifier followed by a relational word. In and on follow an action word to give extra data about it, and to goes before the article that follows the action word and its qualifier, as in â€Å"She jumped in to look the trench† and â€Å"The kid got on to improve look.† In the accompanying models, a relational word is erroneously utilized instead of a verb modifier relational word compound comprising of indistinguishable letters from the relational word. After each sentence, a conversation, trailed by a modification, clarifies the mistake. 1. His significant other, under the suspicion that she’d never observe him again, has moved onto another man, and they’re anticipating getting hitched. The prepositional expression â€Å"moved onto† infers that the lady has actually moved herself on the man’s body. In any case, â€Å"moved on to† incorporates the colloquial expression â€Å"moved on,† meaning â€Å"transitioned†: â€Å"His spouse, under the presumption that she’d never observe him again, has proceeded onward to another man, and they’re anticipating getting married.† 2. His activity isn't to surrender to the requests of multimillionaire superstars pushing a social motivation. The utilization of into infers a passageway, yet the key of this sentence is the maxim â€Å"give in,† meaning â€Å"submit,† so into must be separated into its constituent parts: â€Å"His work isn't to yield to the requests of multimillionaire famous people pushing a social agenda.† 3. The phones were transformed into the specialists. Here, into went before by turned proposes a change, as opposed to the demonstration of turning in, or giving over, so once more, in must be isolated from to shape some portion of the expression â€Å"turning in†: â€Å"The mobile phones were gone in to the authorities.† For a progressively itemized conversation about this issue, see this post about relational words. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Grammar class, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:Coordinating versus Subjecting Conjunctions75 Idioms and Expressions That Include â€Å"Break†Oppose and Opposed To

How is Criminality Represented on Television Report - 2750 Words

How is Criminality Represented on Television Report (Research Paper Sample) Content: Name:Course:Title: How is criminality represented on television?CONTENTSExecutive Summaryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬3Research Questionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬..3Research (including methodology)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬.3Literature Reviewà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â €š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬...4Findingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬......7Discussionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬..7Conclusionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã ¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬10Reference Listà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬...11EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis research report evaluates the representation of criminality on television and, in particular, discusses the dissonance between television representation and the reality of criminality among Australiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s immigrant population. The paper first analyses the research methodology taken up in the project. It then reviews existing literature on the topic, showing various theoretical and practic al foundations of analyses on representation of criminality on television. The findings and a discussion on thereon is then presented making the key argument of the project, that criminality is indeed inaccurately portrayed on television, and, such portrayals lead to considerable disunity and conflict in society.RESEARCH QUESTIONEssentially, does the representation of television criminality among immigrants to Australia reflect their lived realities? Consequently, what is the effect of such reflection or lack thereof?RESEARCH (INCLUDING METHODOLOGY)Material for this research project was primarily obtained from assessment of studies that had been published in English and were publicly available. These were obtained through running variations and combinations of the search terms à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"criminalityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"mediaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"televisionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"minoritiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"refugeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"boat peopleà ¢ â‚ ¬ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"immigrantsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Australiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"violent crimeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ through Google Scholar and the Library categories. The resulting articles were then sifted through to identify the most relevant to the present topic.Additionally, multiple websites were searched including sites run by the Parliament of Australia, International Organisation for Migration (IOM), Australian Institute of Criminology and the Australian Psychological Society (APS),In reviewing the literature, focus was placed on examining literature specifically relating to the analysis of criminality among immigrants. Additionally, this research project endeavoured to only make use of research and publications that were scientifically robust including those utilising control group(s).LITERATURE REVIEWQuestions as to the effect of mass media on societal perception have been raised since at least the 1920à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s (Lippmann, 1922, p. 29). A number of theories hav e been propounded to explain such effects of media, and especially television, the most important of them being the effects theories and the cultivation theories. Developments in academia have seen the latter gradually supersede the former. Consequently, a number of authors have applied the cultivation theory to the representation of criminality among minority communities. Such authors have been able to demonstrate marked disparities between the depiction of criminality in reality and on televisions and have proceeded to utilise cultivation theory to attempt to explain the effects of such disparity.Effects theories gained prevalence in the early 1960à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s in response to increasing rates of violent crime, mirroring the increase in depiction of violence on television in that era. These theories sought to explain the rise in violent crime by arguing that exposure to violence on television resulted in increased aggression and a greater propensity for violence (Bushman Anderson, 2001). The authority here is Bandura, Ross Ross who, in a series of experiments, observed that children replicate aggressive behaviour on exposure to videotapes of adults acting violently (1965).This experiment, and other such experiments on effects theories have however been disputed by Ferguson Savage (2011) who expose defects in research methodology that largely negate the results of such studies. They examine classic studies on effects theory and conclude that the best studies in this field consistently produce evidence of weak to negligible effects of television on aggression and criminality.These effects theories have been supplanted by cultivation theories as espoused by Gerbner Gross (1976). Gerbner argued that television subtly shapes viewerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s conception of social reality through the combined indirect action of continuous exposure to television over time. This theory hypothesized that since television showed violence and crime, it à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"cultivatedà ¢Ã ¢â€š ¬ the view that the world was much more violent than it was in actual fact.The hypothesis was supported by empirical evidence which showed that light viewers (less than 2 hours a day) believed their weekly odds of being involved in violence were 1 in 100, whereas heavy viewers (more than 4 hours a day) thought the odds of the same to be 1 in 10 (Gerbner, Gross, Morgan Signorielli, 1980). Further evidence showed that heavy viewers tended to see other peoples actions and motives more negatively; and, believed that an unduly high number of persons in society (5%) were involved in law enforcement whereas light viewers estimated a more realistic figure of 1% (Gerbner, Gross, Morgan Signorielli, 1980).This study was followed up by Romer, Jamieson, and Aday (2003) who found that "higher television news coverage of crime did indeed result in higher rates of fear of crime" (Romer et al, 99).Gerbner (1998, 189) himself recognised the propensity of television to create and reinforce neg ative stereotypes through cultivation. This analysis has been followed up by Romer, Jamieson DeCoteau (1998) who conclude that television engenders increased suspicion of neighbours and of African Americans and other non-white residents who are featured disproportionately in crime coverage as perpetrators of violent crime.Stereotyping of minorities is a theme that is further developed by Coventry, Dawes, Moston and Palmer (2010). Coventry et al, in their study of Sudanese immigrants in Queensland, noted that violent crime was overrepresented on television whereas property crime was underrepresented. Immigrant communities in the Melbourne area were depicted as the racialised à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"otherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ by the media who asserted that Sudanese immigrants were more prone to crime than Australians of Anglo-Saxon origin (2010, p 54).Such stereotyping has the "unintended effect of contributing to the decline in community cohesion and to tensions between ethnic and racial groups" (Rome r et al, 1998).FINDINGSThe research conducted herein unmistakably shows that representations of criminality on television greatly differs from the reality. The study on Sudanese Australians in Queensland provides a vivid illustration of this fact. The facts here clearly show that immigrants are no more likely to take part in criminal conduct than Australians of Anglo-Saxon descent, and are in fact even shown to be less likely to take part in criminal endeavours. Television networks however paint a different picture of the fact...

The Is The Mind, And A Physical Body - 1857 Words

Section 1: I believe there is a soul, which also is the mind, and a physical body. The argument that supports my belief the best will generate from the concept of a persons thoughts. I reject the belief that everything that is real must be in physical form. I believe there are both an immaterial part to you and a physical part. The physical part of you cannot survive without the immaterial. The immaterial part of a person is the soul, which I also believe, is the mind. However, your soul can live on without the physical sense of you. I believe that the physical part of you, your body, is acting like a cage to your soul. The body is kind of like a suit that your soul wears while it is on Earth. There is only one part of you that controls your actions and thoughts, which is your mind. Also, I believe that your body without a soul is just dead. If your soul and body are no longer at one then I believe you soul moves on to another world where your body is just dead. Once the soul and body are no longer connected the body has no purpose and has no actions. Since without the soul the body is nothing but matter then the soul is that part that is making all decisions, which is why I believe it is also the mind. It is the part of a person that m ake up a personality or gives a person reason. I believe the mind is the only part of a person that makes decisions and puts your physical body in action. With believing that the soul is in a body but the soul does not need the body, IShow MoreRelatedThe Mind and the Physical Body Essay586 Words   |  3 PagesThe Mind and the Physical Body Since the times of Plato and Aristotle, the argument of dualism and mutualism of the mind and body has been in existence. Dualism has been the driving force behind the existence of the mind/body problem and has been by far the majority view due largely to the influence of Descartes. In recent times, modern medicine has taken a shift towards mutualism. Outside stimuli, as perceived by the mind, affects the body either beneficially or adversely. While the body asRead MoreI, Myself, And My Body1222 Words   |  5 Pagesand My Body The mind is about mental processes and thought, while the body is the physical aspects of the brain. For years, philosophers have been perplexed by the mind-body problem. The mind is about mental processes and thought, while the body is the physical aspects of the brain. The mind-body problem discusses the mind and body, along with the relationship between them. Dualists and monists are the two types of people that take a stand on the issue. While Dualism may spilt mind and body, monismRead MoreThe Mind Body Problem : Interactionism And Physicalism1241 Words   |  5 Pagestalked about concepts of philosophy is that of the mind-body problem. In short, the mind-body problem is the relationship between the mind and the body. Specifically, it’s the connection between our mental realm of thoughts, including beliefs, ideas, sensations, emotions, and our physical realm, the actual matter of which we are made up of the atoms, neurons. The problem comes when we put the emphasis on m ind and body. Are the mind and body one physical thing, or two separate entities. Two argumentsRead More How The Brain Works Essay1307 Words   |  6 PagesCurrent research shows that mental events cause physical events, and scientists believe examining single nerves is the key to understanding how the brain works as a complete unit. Understanding the brain at the nerve cell level will allow scientists to understand how human consciousness works (Blakeslee, 1992). Furthermore, the brains thalamus is identified as the possible sensory connector because it fires 40 impulses per second that sweep through the entire brain (Blakeslee, 1995a). These findingsRead MoreThe Mind Body And Body1341 Words   |  6 Pages The Mind-Body problem arises to Philosophy when we wonder what is the relationship between the mental states, like beliefs and thoughts, and the physical states, like water, human bodies and tables. For the purpose of this paper I will consider physical states as human bodies because we are thinking beings, while the other material things have no mental processes. The question whether mind and body are the same thing, somehow related, or two distinct things not related, has been asked throughoutRead MoreRelationship Between Mind And Body929 Words   |  4 PagesIn philosophy, Mind–body dualism is any theory that states that the mind and body are two distinct kinds of substances or natures. The problem of the relationship of the mind to body arose from the works of Renà © Descartes, a French philosopher and mathematician of the 17th-century who gave dualism its classical formulation or made it to be what it is today. Conceived from his famous â€Å"Cogito, ergo sum† ( Latin) meaning â€Å"I think, therefore I am,† he developed a theory of the mind as a nontangible andRead MoreDescartes s Meditations On First Philosophy917 Words   |  4 PagesFirst Philosophy, Descartes introduces the dualistic idea of a sharp split between mind and body. This mind-body split is a Western secular idea and discounts many important aspects of the human experience. Descartes argues that, â€Å"†¦a body, by its very nature, is always divisible. On the other hand, the mind is utterly indivisible† (Descartes, 56). This idea that there is a distinct difference between the mind and the body is nonsensical from both a phenomenological and a scientific perspective. FurthermoreRead MorePersonal Philosophy Of Sports And Physical Activity1121 Words   |  5 PagesThe body is always seen as two parts working together, mind and body. We study these concepts as if they were separate, such as biology for the body and psychology for the mind. Taking two differ ent courses, one for mind and body, cause me to develop a dualism philosophy. After taking Kinesiology 305 Historical and Philosophical base of Kinesiology, I started to understand the body shouldn’t be seen as two things, but as seeing both mind and body equally important and should be devoted the same amountRead MoreIs the mind independent to the body?791 Words   |  4 Pagesthe mind independent to the body? The mind body problem is a philosophical problem that is concerned with the relationship between the mind and the body, whether the mind exists independently of the body or whether the mind and body are one substance. There is a vital difference between the mind and the body some would say, meaning that the mind is held responsible for mental elements such as pain, euphoria, desire, purpose, belief and kindness whereas the body is responsible for the physical elementsRead MoreRene Descartes And George Berkeley1014 Words   |  5 Pagesproblem of mind and body. I will look at the views of Rene Descartes and George Berkeley. I will be siding with Descartes. The mind-body problem ultimately encases the difficulty understanding how the mind and body interact, what they entail, and how they interact and communicate. Rene Descartes believed that the mind and body are two separate entities, as stated in ‘Descartes’s Dualism’. He held the notion that while the body is in fact a part of the physical world our minds are not. Our minds are the

The Battle Of Siege Of Yorktown - 1646 Words

September 5th, 1781, a French Naval Fleet inhabited the lower Chesapeake Bay, which was a major advantage to the continental army. The siege of Yorktown, was the last major battle against the British army under General Cornwallis, resulting in the inevitable surrender and American independence. There was a great deal of coordination prior to the actual engagement consequently leading to this outcome. The total number of soldiers consisted of 17,600 American and French soldiers, under the command of General George Washington, Marquis de Lafayette, Comte de Rochambeau, and Rear Admiral Francois Joseph Paul, the Comte de Grasse lead a French Naval Fleet. 8,300 British forces were commanded by General Charles Earl Cornwallis with 7,000 additional forces sent from General Sir Henry Clinton in New York. Unfortunately for the British, the reinforcements arrived too late. According to General Cornwallis, the British failed their mission as a result of lack of reinforcements from Clinton. Mid dleton stated (2013), â€Å"However, it is wrong to blame Clinton alone for Yorktown† (p.387). Various factors led to the defeat of both British Generals. The lack of communications and insubordination of authority caused their defeat. This was the truth for the battle of Yorktown. At the time of the American Revolution, both American rebels and the British practiced a variety of methods for keeping written communications secret. Both sides had a networks of spies who passed on information right underShow MoreRelatedAmerican Siege During the Battle of Yorktown819 Words   |  3 Pagesthe American siege that took place in Yorktown, Virginia, known as the Battle of Yorktown. The battle between the Franco-American forces and British Army began September 28, 1781 and lasted until the British surrender in October 19, 1781. In order to best do this, we must first get an understanding of the intended purpose of the battle, the Franco-American cooperation, events leading up to the battle, the battle itself, and the aftermath. Prior to the historic Battle of Yorktown, General WashingtonRead MoreThe American Revolutionary War : The Battle Of Yorktown Essay1192 Words   |  5 Pageswas between the years of 1775 and 1783. There were many major battles fought, but one major battle that ended the long war was the Battle of Yorktown. The Battle of Yorktown was â€Å"fought September 28 to October 19, 1781† (â€Å"American Revolution: Battle of Yorktown†). The battle was a successful victory for the Colonies from the beginning of the battle to the end. The days before the battle helped the Americans capture a victory at Yorktown. At first, the war was between the Colonies and the British;Read MoreBattle Of The American Revolution1451 Words   |  6 PagesThe Battle of Yorktown was one of the most significant battles of the American Revolution. Not only was it a major battle that helped end the war but also showed the power of the Continental Army’s field artillery. The battle was a major turning point in establishing the freedom of the United States of America and was the last major battle of the war. The Continental and French forces moved to Yorktown on 28 September 1781, however the first shot was not fired until 9 October of 1781. It was roughlyRead MoreThe Battle of Yorktown688 Words   |  3 PagesThe Battle of Yorktown or better known as the Siege of Yorktown was the final battle in the American Revolution. The battle took place in Yorktown, Virginia in 1781. The battle lasted from September 28th 1781 and Octobe r 19th 1781. The American and French forces were lead by George Washington, Comte de Rochambeau, and Comte de Grasse. The conflict was caused due to many events like the Boston Massacre and The Boston Tea Party but was reinforced by how the British were treating the people of AmericaRead MoreThe Battle Of Yorktown : A Great Indication1664 Words   |  7 Pagessuccessful during military mission battles. The Battle of Yorktown provides a great example of how working with other nations and being their allies can help us to overcome issues within our own units, batteries, and higher echelon. With further analysis of the Battle of Yorktown, it is also apparent that the strategic usage of artillery played a major role in its success and that its utilization was more than just about operating cannons and howitzers. The Battle of Yorktown possesses a lot of artilleryRead MoreBattle For The American Revolution957 Words   |  4 PagesThe Battle of Yorktown From October 09, 1781 to October 19, 1781, arguably the most important battle for the American Revolution took place in Yorktown, Virginia. During this 10 day battle, American forces decimated the British with strategic and relentless artillery fire virtually ending the Revolutionary War. This monumental battle was won from not only artillery fire, but also clever tactics. General George Washington and French commander Comte de Rochambeau out-smarted the British forces byRead MoreThe Battle Of Yorktown By Comte De Rochambeau1584 Words   |  7 Pagesindependence from Great Britain on 4 of July 1776, they actually gained their freedom only after the decisive war, the Battle of Yorktown (Introduction.) Yorktown was established in 1691 to regulate trade and collect taxes. Due to its location surrounded by the York River which led into the Chesapeake Bay, Yorktown would soon develop into a center of commerce. Not only Yorktown fit for building wharves, storehouses, and docks which use d to export and import goods from Great Britain, but it also suitRead MoreEssay on The Battle of Yorktown952 Words   |  4 PagesThe battle at Yorktown, Virginia in 1781 is most famously known as the â€Å" battle that ended the Revolutionary War.† While this is true, there is still much that can be learned from the principles applied, that still has relevance today. General George Washington, along with his allied French commanders, Lieutenant General Jean-Baptiste Ponton de Rochambeau and Rear Admiral Sir Thomas Graves, they exquisitely displayed how a execute siege operations. This battle also displayed a great example of howRead MoreThe Battle of Yorktown1284 Words   |  5 Pages The Battle of Yorktown was the decisive battle of the American Revolutionary War. The French and American forces laid siege upon the British forces at Yorktown, Virginia and eventually forced the surrender of nearly one-third of the total number of British troops in America. This battle showed that massive loss of life is not the only factor that will determine the victor, as there were a relatively low number of casualties taken by both sides. Instead, it was an aggregate of economic, socialRead MoreMission Command : The Unity Of Command Principle Favored Colonial Forces And Their Allies961 Words   |  4 Pagesfleeting opportunity at Yorktown. General Washington s adherence to mission command principles promoted the environment needed to win. Senior allied partners deferred decision making to Washington based on trust and collaborative input. Effective communications encouraged subordinate commanders to propose constructive alternatives aimed at streamlining action. The Siege of Yorktown embodied the approach effectiveness. Admiral Lafayette’s decision to avoid a major naval battle in Chesapeake Bay demonstrated

Conditions Under Which Decisions Are Made free essay sample

In that way you already have measures in place knowing that should you be in an accident you will have an alternative transport whilst your car is being fixed. Also when you buy a TV, you are usually given one year guarantee and you can get more years at an extra cost. In this instance you know that should the year be over and you had added two years more, and your TV has a problem maybe in the second year, you can take it back as it will still be under guarantee because you would have added more years to cover it. Risk This is when individuals can define a problem, specify the probability of certain events, identify alternative solutions, and state the probability of each solution leading to the desired result. Like in the case of construction, the construction cost overrun risk has a possibility that during the design and construction phase, the actual project costs will exceed projected costs as a result of weather, supplier’s shortage, labour and subcontractor performance. In this case the probability that this will happen will be dependent on past weather records, and experience of the contractor. A decision is made under risk when a supervisor or superior can list all possibilities of outcomes with the decision that has been made and state the probability of each outcome. There are two types of probabilities, there is an objective probability whereby the supervisor or manager assigns probability based on experience or similar situations and there is a subjective probability whereby the supervisor or manager has little experience with a the decision made or no data at all. This type of probability is based on personal experience or gut feel. For example, a manager decides to spend R2500. 00 on a shoe advertisement believing there are three possible outcomes for the advertisement, a 30% chance the advertisement will have only a small effect on sales, a 50% chance of a moderate effect, and a 20% chance of a very large effect. This decision is made under risk because the manager can list each potential outcome and determine the probability of each outcome occurring. Uncertainty This is when an individual does not have the necessary information to assign probabilities to the outcomes of alternative solutions. In cases of uncertainty the alternative solutions and problems are both unclear. Uncertainty exists when a decision maker cannot list all possible outcomes and/or cannot assign probabilities to the various outcomes. When faced with uncertainty, a manager would know only the different decision options available and the different possible states of nature. The states of nature are the future events or conditions that can influence the final outcome or payoff of a decision but cannot be controlled or affected by the manager. An example of a decision made under uncertainty would be, for a company in South Africa to open a branch say in Zambia producing products that have never been sold in that country. In this instance the is uncertainty as to whether the product will sell or not because they are not sure how the people of that country will receive hence a lot of money will be put in that project.

Top 15 Universities for Communications Major by Salary Potential

Communication is a strong and much desired field in the workforce, but not very many students think to major in the subject. Communications is a broad term that covers public relations, crisis management, marketing, strategy, and even journalism. There are many job prospects that students can go into if they choose to study communications for the undergraduate degree. It may come down to the fact that not all universities offer the major, like Yale, Princeton and Georgetown for example. Many universities offer similar fields of study like journalism and media studies instead. So, if communication sounds like something you can potentially be interested in, do your research and find out what universities off it in their departments and which do not. PayScale, an online compensation information company, published their findings earlier this year and here’s a list of the top 15 university for communications major* by potential salary: *Note, this list do not include the salaries of individuals who pursued another degree after their undergraduate degree in computer science. 1. University of California - Berkeley 0-5 years experience: $59,800 10+ experience: $120,000 2. New York University 0-5 years experience: $49,100 10+ experience: $107,000 3. San Jose State University 0-5 years experience: $56,400 10+ experience: $105,000 4. Boston College 0-5 years experience: $54,500 10+ experience: $99,400 5. Ithaca College 0-5 years experience: $54,800 10+ experience: $98,800 6. University of California - Santa Barbara 0-5 years experience: $49,100 10+ experience: $94,800 7. University of Washington 0-5 years experience: $48,900 10+ experience: $93,900 8. Syracuse University 0-5 years experience: $49,000 10+ experience: $93,700 9. Fashion Institute of Technology - NY 0-5 years experience: $45,700 10+ experience: $93,300 10. Northern Arizona University 0-5 years experience: $40,100 10+ experience: $93,000 11. University of Southern California 0-5 years experience: $49,300 10+ experience: $92,700 12. University of Cincinnati 0-5 years experience: $39,400 10+ experience: $43,400 13. Brigham Young University 0-5 years experience: $43,400 10+ experience: $89,500 14. University of Texas - Austin 0-5 years experience: $44,900 10+ experience: $89,400 15. James Madison University 0-5 years experience: $54,100 10+ experience: $92,000 Not sure if you want to study computer science yet? Do some research and browse our database of 60,000+successful college application filesto see what students similar to you are studying!

What Does My PSAT Score Mean 3 Next Steps After the PSAT

What Does My PSAT Score Mean 3 Next Steps After the PSAT SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You just got your PSAT score – what's next?You just got your score, but don't know what it exactly means or what you should do next. There are three strong implications of your PSAT score, and those students that understand them do a lot better in college admissions that those who don't. Read on to find out what those implications are. Did you just get your PSAT score? (If not, check out the PSAT release schedule here). If so, you may be wondering how to interpret the score. The PSAT serves a number of purposes. It prepares you for the SAT test next year, which is one of the most important pieces in college admissions. It determines a number (but not all) of scholarships. And perhaps most importantly, it's the starting line when students with foresight begin planning for college. Step 1: What Does Your PSAT Score Mean? Is It Good or Bad? The PSAT score generally can be mapped to the SAT score divided by 10. So a 2000 on the SAT is similar to 200 on the PSAT. Once you know this, you can see how you did using our guide here. There are some important differences between the PSAT and SAT, however. For one, you're generally taking the PSAT in 10th grade, so that when you take the SAT next year, you will be one year wiser and smarter. This means that, on average, the PSAT provides a lower bound on your score for the SAT (see this article about how to interpret a 10th grade PSAT / SAT / ACT score). The average student improves around 50 points between the PSAT and SAT (and even more with online prep). Therefore, if you take your PSAT score, multiply by 10, and add 120 points, you'll get a good prediction of your SAT score. You can use this score to figure out what range of colleges you'll qualify for: simply search for the college's SAT score. Step 2: Find Out Whether You're in the Running for Merit Scholarships The PSAT is also known as the test of whether you qualify for the National Merit Scholarships (NMS). NMS awards are generally around $2,500, and the PSAT score needed to qualify varies according to circumstance, but in all cases, you need to get above 200 on the PSAT to be even considered. The actual qualification cutoff is 215 on average, but it's possible to score a bit lower and still qualify, or score a bit higher and still not make it. If you make the cutoff score, congrats! However, to get the NMS award, you also have to have good recommendations and academic performance at school. The National Merit Scholarship Corporation (NMSC) details what happens after you meet the cutoff. Also, there are important factors affecting which NMS award you get: most are from the standard pool of $2,500 awards, but some companies give slighly more to special groups. For example, I was qualifying for the NMS, my scholarship was sponsored by my father's employer for a slightly higher amount of $3,000. Finally, certain colleges will give scholarships if you go to that college, but I caution against taking these awards unless that college was your top pick anyway. Whether a college gives you a few thousand dollars is usually a smaller issue than the overall sticker price, or the quality of the education. If you don't make the cutoff, don't stress! Not all scholarships are administered by the NMS. In fact, I would say from my experience that a vast minority of scholarships are administered by the NMSC. For example, when I was attending college, most of my scholarship came from the college itself, much larger than any other I received. Other institutions provide scholarships through a process that bypasses the NMSC completely. Don't stop your scholarship search just because your PSAT score is under 200! Step 3: Get Started With PSAT Prep The PSAT is the kickoff of the college application consideration timeline. Do you need to stress about applications immediately as a sophomore? No. Do you need to read dozens of college entrance guides right this moment? No. But you should definitely take this seriously as the starting point of thinking about colleges. From my experience, my classmates that began to think about college after they got their PSAT scores fared a lot better than those who started thinking about college in the middle of junior year, or God forbid, senior year. What to Do Next How to get a perfect SAT score How to win a National Merit Scholarship

Please read instructions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Please read instructions - Essay Example The artwork refers to the historic context of the time of the crucifixion of Jesus Christ where he was covered with the crown of thorns. This is relevant to the Catholics and the Christian family as a whole as it gives them a reason to show their respect to Christ for carrying their own afflictions on their behalf (RiceUniversity, 2009). This artwork dates back to the 17th Century where it was done by an artist known as Andreas Praefcke. The artwork is of Italian origin and is normally placed in most catholic churches in the world. The viewer is engaged through the posture of the artwork where it is placed a way show how painful it was for Christ to be persecuted, and now crucified. The viewer’s attention is captured by the pierced palms and the manner in which Christ was crucified without clothing. The historical context of this artwork simply implies the remembrance of Christ’s crucifixion to the Catholics, Lutherans, Anglicans and the Eastern Orthodox. It is an ancient symbol of the Christ’s body (CEJ,

Transvestic fethishism Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Transvestic fethishism - Research Proposal Example osis, the nosology for sexual disorders is essentially identical to that of the third edition (DSM–III;American Psychiatric Association, 1980) and the revised third edition (DSM–III–R;American Psychiatric Association, 1989) and is based on Kaplans (1977) triphasic model of the sexual response cycle (desire, excitement, orgasm). Kaplan (1979) has speculated that each phase of sexual response is mediated by separate neuroanatomical pathways, although empirical support for this hypothesis is lacking. Clinically, it has been established that individuals frequently present with comorbidity or multiple sexual dysfunction diagnoses. For example, one recent study of 588 male and female patients with a primary diagnosis of HSDD found that 41% of the female patients and 47% of the male patients had at least one other sexual dysfunction diagnosis (K.B. Segraves & R.T. Segraves, 1991). Additionally, 18% of the female patients in that study had diagnoses in all three categori es of sexual desire, arousal, and orgasmic dysfunction. DSM–IV includes subtyping of the sexual disorders as lifelong or acquired, generalized or situational, and caused by psychological or medical factors. Unfortunately, little information is available regarding the prevalence or incidence of diagnostic subtypes or the relationship to treatment outcome. Emphasis has been added in the current system on the role of psychological distress and interpersonal difficulty in the definition of sexual dysfunction, although the criteria remain subjective and relatively arbitrary in most instances. As noted by Wincze and Carey (1991), there are no available studies of the reliability or validity of the DSM–III–R (American Psychiatric Association, 1989) or DSM–IV diagnostic system for sexual disorders. Wincze and Carey also pointed out that the current system is based on a dichotomous view of sexual health as either functional or dysfunctional, whereas sexual functioning might better be represented on a

Free

Free Press and Democracy Essay Democracy is a form of government in which all eligible citizens have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. Democracy allows eligible citizens to participate equally and to have free access to information ideas and opinions, with this reasoning is inferred that de democracy needs free press in order to be function properly. The power of the press is associated to the fundamental principles of democracy thats to say the freedom of expression and freedom of opinion. The desire of people to express themselves freely wouldnt have been possible without a fully free press. The power of the press has managed to reach such importance as freedom of expression. Free press has the capacity to arms citizens with essential information-the truth, that gives people the opportunity to choose the path to follow and to have their own opinion when it comes to solve problems or take a side in the issues that will always take place in a society. An intimidated, uninformed and disinterested public would be the predictable result of the loss of freedom of the press. It is basic statement that to maintain a healthy democracy no government activity should escape the scrutiny of the press. According to one story, one of Napoleon’s contemporaries visited the United States as a guest of President Thomas Jefferson. Upon seeing a Federalist newspaper article lying on a table that heavily criticized Jefferson’s policies, the visiting Frenchman remarked that the writer of the article should be punished. Jefferson responded calmly, â€Å" Sir, you may take the newspaper back with you to France, because that is the difference between my country and yours.† The president, a great believer in freedom of the press, was telling his visitor that without this right, American would not be the country that it is. This was true in 1800, and is equally true today. The freedom to publish facts, even opposing opinions about those facts, is essential for informed voters to participate in a democracy. In a nutshell, it can be inferred with all this information that democracy and free press needs to come handy, together in order to give people the freedom that they deserve to take their own opinion in a determinate matter. In my opinion everybody have the right to take their own decisions and to have their own opinion in all aspects of live. Without free press there is no democracy, no freedom of choice.

Josef Muller Brockmann and His Work Essay examples -- graphic design, t

Josef Muller Brockmann was born in Rapperswil, a city in Switzerland, on May 9th, 1914. After the completion of his secondary education in Rapperswil, he started working in Zurich as a designer in 1930. Being one of the leading pioneers, he was considered one of the most talented and very influential design artists. In 1936, Muller established his own design practice in Zurich where he specialized in design, graphics and photography. His first poster was designed in 1950. He succeeded Ernst Keller in 1957 as a teacher of graphics design at kunstgewerbeschule of Zurich. He later founded the Muller-Brockmann in 1967. He lectured the international design conference, the world design conference and the University of Osaka. Muller Brockmann is the author of the several other books like the graphic artist and his design problems, The History of Visual Communication, and The History of the Poster and Grid System in Graphic Design. Muller was influenced by several other designs and art like Constructivism and the Bauhaus. With his reputation and the known experience, Muller was regarded the best designer earned his reputation in Switzerland and other parts of the world. In his design explaining the friendly hand sign, Muller had the attraction of the accidents that were quit common. The design is very attractive in the sense that all the elements that can easily cause accidents are covered in it (Philip and Alston 2011). It gives a clear tableau of the typical accident cause scenario. Equally, the design creates an awareness of the proper road use since it shows the cyclists and the motors using the little space for a very dangerous operation. Accidents had since been considered the most death cause in the country. In his bid to control ... ...y find its solutions from the simple given design. It cuts across every problem. The indicated problem is of direct effect to the society and requires their attention. The explicit motive and attraction of the given design are well considered in the design itself (Carter et al.2012). Works Cited Ellen Lupton. Thinking with type: A Primer for Designers: A Critical Guide for Designers, Writers, Editors and Students. New York: Association of American Publishers, 2004. Print. Ellen M. Thomson. The Origin of Graphic Design in America. New York: Yale University Press, 1997. Web. 20 December, 2007. Philip B. Meggs, and Alston W. Purvis. Meggs’ History of Graphic Design. New York: Association of American Publishers, 2011. Print. Rob Carter, Ben Day, and Philip B. Meggs. Topographic Design: Form and Communication. New York: Association of American Publishers, 2012. Print.

Tesco Organisational Change

Introduction: This assignment is based on the concept of Organization change and it will discuss around various concept of change within an organization. It is based on the selection of an organization that has undergone through a change and in which people has adopted or resist the strategies of change. Aims and Objectives: This assignment will be comprise of the below mentioned objectives that will actually analyze all the changes that an organization has actually faced. * To identify the processes and model of change and what are the strategies that might help in encourages people to positively respond to that change. To identify the main drivers that has actually triggered the need for change in the organization. * To analyze the organizational change with the help of EFQM model. * To evaluate how people will react to that change and will survive within that change. * To identify the ways that can help in dealing with the resistance towards that change. * To evaluate the strategi c change initiatives and what recommendation can be made in order to gather good data and avoid biasness. What is change? According to Potter, Mark (2011) change is an activity that takes out the organization or a person out of their comfortable zone. It is sometimes positive and sometimes negative and takes time for the adjustments. According to Chhabra et al (2007) states that Organizational change is the change that comes in the overall working environment of an organization and sometimes cause discomfort to the people initially. Organizational change: According to Potter, Mark (2011) Organizational change is a state that an organization undergoes from one state to another. This change can be in the policy, strategy, technology and culture of an organization. This change can be sudden or preplanned and requires wise strategies towards the management of people working in an organization. Change management: According to searchcio-mid market. tech target. com Change management is a methodical term which deals with change both at the individual and organizational level. It deals with three different aspects. 1. Controlling change. 2. Effecting change. Tesco: According to the Tesco website it is the Britain’s foremost retail company which is dealing with 37,000 stores all over the world and have employed over 440,000 people. Tesco is dealing with 30 countries outside the United Kingdom. Tesco is actually working on the concept of change and all the employees are striving hard to respond to those changes. The name Tesco has first appeared on a shop in Edgware in 1929 and since that time this company has developed and grown up with so many new innovations and opportunities for the business and for the people as well. By the early 1990s Tesco has faced so many strong competitors and for staying at the competitive edge they need to have new strategies according to the new situations so here concept of change occurs. Sir Terry Leah was very wise in making decisions. He was the Chief executive in 1997 so he decided to find out where they are actually lacking so that they can easily work on those areas. So he found the root cause on which they need to work. He came up with the statement that we are good in buying and selling but we have actually forgotten the needs of our customers so he decided to pay much more attention to their customers. So he started this activity with the simple question asked by the customers what are we doing wrong? After this question they actually started investing in those areas that matters to customers e. g. the loyalty scheme such as club cards, Tesco. com, our internet home shopping service. He further illustrates his concept with giving ease to the customers and giving them a reason to come back to Tesco again and again. Tesco Mission Statement: â€Å"Creating values for customers, to earn their life time loyalty†. Values behind Tesco business: * No one tries harder for customers. * Treat people how we like to be treated. Objectives of the company: The main objective of the company is to better understand their customers than any organization. Tesco not only considers their customers much more important but they are also very much conscious in terms of the innovation of their products and services. Their concept behind best customer service and introducing best products are to attract their shareholders and gain the growth in sales, profits and returns. Tesco actually work around these three objectives. * To gain growth in sales, profits and returns. * To satisfy the needs of the customers by proving them best services and products. To satisfy its shareholders. Organizational change in Tesco: There is a marketing statement mentioned in ivy thesis . type pad. com that success breeds failure so it shows that nothing else is constant in business and in order to stay at the competitive edge business should respond to the changing demands of the world. Tesco has focused on these demands so that they can stay competitive and can resp ond to their competitors. The following difference can show their attention towards the demands of the world. Tesco in Past: According to Finch, Julia (2010). Tesco in the past was just like a typical traditional food retailer company that only focused on the substantial assets of the business like products, place and money. They had not paid any attention towards the intangible assets of business like customers satisfaction, services providing ease to the customers. This has actually given hard times to Tesco in the past and very soon this thing was realized by Tesco that the older methods will not work for the business as the concept of Globalization was spreading very fast so Tesco started responding to the changes required. Tesco in Present: Tesco in present has moved its attention towards more innovative and intangible things. This was the first step of Tesco towards innovation and working beyond its limits as in 1995 they introduced club cards which are now offering air miles and club card points in 5000 different venues in the UK. Rowley (2005) states that the club cards has given good opportunities for customer interactions and engaging large number of corporate partners in delivering and earning rewards. These club cards are actually building up a strong relationship among customers and Tesco. Another innovative step of Tesco is the use of internet for their customer’s i. e. Tesco. com. It has actually strengthened the communication between consumers and Tesco as people can inquire through Tesco website regarding grocery, music books and so on. According to Tesco. com (2005) customers can enter their complaints on the same website where the problem list are already present and customer’s needs to fill in the right area. These complain can be related to quality of food, out of date products and so on. For making the life easier for the customers Tesco has given more in store facilities, long opening hours, shorter queues trained staff. Topic 1 Drivers for Change: In order to find out the competitive position of an organization firstly I company need to check what factors are actually triggering for change. So what that reason lots of information is required which can tell the position of the company where it is standing at the present and where it will be in the future so making these predictions more clearer Porters 5 forces model can be used that will tell each and every aspect of that organization. Porters 5 Forces: Porter 5 forces helps in analyzing the external environment of an organization and provide beforehand preparations so that company can gets ready for any kind of pitfalls that may arise in business. It covers the following steps. * Rivalry. * Substitutes. * Buyers. * Suppliers. * Barriers to entry. Rivalry: Rivalry is the central force that involves other forces as well. Tesco has many rivals in the market so for making its position stronger and giving tough competition to its rivals Tesco always keep its position up-to-date and respond to the changing demands of the world. So the launch of club cards and other internet websites are the steps taken to stay at the competitive edge and be a strong contender for its rivals. Substitutes: Rivalry actually makes the profits zero as it is a threat. As the market has many supermarkets so they can be the substitutes for Tesco so in order to avoid missing their customers they need to provide them with extraordinary customer service. So Tesco has made that possible by giving Club cards and showing that the customers are at the heart of Tesco has actually won the loyalty of their customers. Tesco has substitute like Sainsbury which has got the similar products and has decreased the prices of products in both companies. Buyers: Power of buyer is another cause of decrease in the prices as if the cost of floor is more in Tesco buyer can easily switch over to Sainsbury. But Tesco is fortunate in this case as there are not lot big markets that makes the markets more discipline and stops them of pricing war. Supplier: Tesco has an advantage over the suppliers as they quote the price to the suppliers and suppliers have to admit that as Tesco has a strong position and they can quote on their own. If suppliers do not fulfill the demand they will have no one to sell their goods so Tesco takes a good advantage over their suppliers. Barriers to entry: Tesco, Asda and Sainsbury are the barriers to entry for the new supermarkets. As they have an advantage over the suppliers in the economy of scale as they can buy large volume of goods on less prices whereas the new entrants needs to buy small quantities very expensive. Process for change: Source: www. google. com (Kurt Lewin,1951) Unfreeze: Tesco has used the concept of unfreezing by telling their employees and realizing them the needs of their customers. They gave them the image that Tesco needs to stay at the competitive edge and for that they need the loyalty of their customers. For getting that loyalty they need to pay full attention towards the satisfaction of their customers. So they have to done some sort of technological, social and cultural changes that will increase their publicity among their customers. So they ensure the readiness of their employees towards the change in their working schedules. Change: Tesco has started the club cards in 1995 by giving full training to their employees that they always need to ask the customers â€Å"have you got a club card† this was the way of giving promotion to the club cards. Employees were also provided with the information that this strategy of launching club cards will give competitive edge to Tesco and the company can stay more in touch with the loyal customers so they just need to scan and offer the club cards to their customers who will definitely give rise to the profits. For making the employees ready for the extra work load Tesco has given them the information that they will also get 10% discount with their staff privilege card on their purchasing from the store which makes the employees happy that at least they are also getting benefits out of it. Employees were also informed of the Tesco. com and that the customers will do shopping online so they need to be more efficient and with the same thing they were given proper training that how to deal with online shopping and it will give rise to the business and the business will give them promotions and bonuses for their hard work. Refreeze: The launch of Club cards and Tesco. com has actually given rise to the Tesco sale as it makes easier for the customers that even while sitting at home they can shop whatever they want to have. It has actually increased the customers for Tesco as the slogan of Tesco says â€Å"Every little helps† so they are actually working on that as they have kept an eye on even the little needs of their customers. According to Harvey, Oliver (2007). , The UK has stated that Tesco is the most developed online grocery market in the world with more than 1. million people shopping online. ( Daily Record, 2004) Organizational change for context: According to Pagano, Margareta (1987) cultural web analysis was given by Gerry Johnson and Kevan Scholes in 1992. It can help in make observing and then making some changes in an organizations culture. It helps in exposing cultural hypothesis and practices and aligns the work with organizations elements and the strategies used within an organiz ation. As mentioned above different changes in Tesco which has given a positive rise to the business. Here in this cultural web analysis the change of introducing club cards has increased the work loads of people so what initiatives should be made in order to support the already occurred change. There are six elements which can help in making those changes stronger. Stories: Whenever a change occurs in any organization it comes with lots of previous stories like it will increase workloads without any benefits. It will give different type of job specifications so in order to avoid all these stories the employees will have in advance trainings and incentives so that they can welcome the change positively and should be ready for new challenges. Rituals and routines: The daily routine will show the change in behavior so the reward system and the bonuses should beforehand introduced so that people can work more energetically without showing any kind of negative attitude towards the increase in work. Symbols: Before implementing a new change there should have a lot of publicity as in Tesco they advertise the club cards and even the employees have got the uniform with Tesco club cards. Organizational structure: As in the case of Tesco the employees were well defined of their goals and the consequences that they will have after achieving those goals and objectives so the objectives will be clearly defined in order to support the implemented change. Control system: It is usually measure by the top management team and before implementing any sort of change all the strategies and policies are prepared beforehand. It is regarding the financial system and reward system so Tesco has also given the opportunity to its employees as 10% discount on their cards which can urther enhance their performance and strengthen the implemented change. Power structure: As the name indicates Power structure which is hold by the executives and other seniors so the steps taken like discounts for employees, Trainings regarding club cards and internet has strengthen the change so far. Topic 2 Creativity and Improvement Creativity: Creativity is the thinking up of new ideas. It is actually the dreaming up of new ideas. Whereas according to   Lorna Martin (2006). , Innovation is doing new things so it is the practical term for creativity. Source: www. google. co. uk According to Walker, Gaelle (2006). EFQM is the most widely used model with over 30,000 businesses to increase performance and increase their bottom line. It takes a holistic view of an organization and gives a diagnostic tool for the specific area of an organization which will provide strength and enhance that area with innovation and creativity. This model is divided into two parts the first one is enabler and second one are the results that can be earned through the employees efforts, the policies and strategies implemented, and the stakeholders or shareholders involved and the resources within that organization. So in the case of Tesco their strength is their team, their products. While talking about their employees they can engage their employees in more trainings and give them chances to think out of the box as the Human capital is the main asset of any company so Tesco needs to invest more on their employees and give them chances to learn more and work accordingly. So as they have got an Intranet within their organization that is the actual chance for their employee’s promotions and gives them more chances to enhance their performance by learning more and then implement their knowledge in their organization. Well Tesco has already taken a step towards innovation and creativity as they have implemented Tesco. com so in this way thousands of minds are included in Tesco and Tesco can take suggestions from the people around. By their club cards they are not only providing good saving to the customers but they are also doing surveys by checking in which area which product is selling more so in this way they are increasing the productivity of that product. So Tesco. Com is a step towards innovation. Surviving change: Surviving change is actually the concept regarding those changes that an organization has implemented. It checks whether those changes are well accepted by the organization and employees. Do those changes have given a positive rise to the business. According to Buckley, Neil (1995). , there are some steps that manage and deal with change appropriately which are as follows. 1. Acceptance for the change should be there by training and awareness. 2. Readiness for change to be happens at workplace. 3. Should have enough strategies to tackle that change. 4. Adapt to that change. 5. Feel free to go with the change. 6. Enjoy the change. 7. Always try to be ready for the change. So change is actually surviving in Tesco as they have also used the before hang readiness for the change to occur and now getting desired results as a part of business profits. Transition curve: According to   Savill, Richard (2001). Transition curve is a three stages of transition that involve ending, neutral zone and beginning which helps in assessing people that what difficulties they might face during the implementation of change. Ending: This seems to be the ending of the confidence of the employees when they deny the acceptance to change. They might think that their workplace or their work will be different so this is the ending of their hard works and acceptance to work loads. Neutral zone: This state will be the confusion state as the staff will be in between the current and the desired state. They will be uncertain about the present and the future. This can have the negative impact on the activities. Beginning: The beginning state is that state in which the employees are ready for the change and work accordingly with a positive set of mind. As in Tesco case employees are ready for the work. Conclusion and Recommendations: Change is a positive activity and it always brings about something healthy to an individual or an organization. So in the case of Tesco change was the ultimate desire of the modern time and has actually give Tesco a strong position. Club cards and Tesco. com Com are the positive changes for Tesco and has increased its sales. Staff is also very efficient in implementing and working on the change so it has given positive rise to the business. Recommendations * Although the change has been successfully implemented in company but there is still need to eradicate the perception and attitude of being one or monopolist views. The development opportunities should be offered to the front line staff for further improving the customer service. * Variety of methods should be used to training the staff and through providing them different platforms the company can fetch the creative ideas from their staff * There must be online and offline (virtual; over the web) feedback or comment section where the customers can record their feedbacks regarding the products services and their performance or further improvements. Teamwork culture, support from the management and empowerment are the necessary mediums to motivate the workforce and maintain their motivation for better productivity. * An efficient performance appraisal system is required to be implemented for judging the performance of both contract based and permanent employees and similarly compensation should be based on this fair appraisal of employees. * Further communication should be improved through extensively advertising the products to the target market and internal communication should have to be improved through making the flow of information on right time. References: * Potter, Mark (16 February 2011). â€Å"Tesco to outpace growth at global rivals – study†. Reuters. Retrieved 25 February 2011. * Finch, Julia (2 February 2010). â€Å"Tesco opens its first zero carbon store†. The Guardian  (UK). Retrieved 1 September 2010. * O'Grady, Sean (16 December 2001). â€Å"Shirley Porter: Rich, flashy and corrupt with it. She's nothing like a Dame†. The Independent  (London). Retrieved 13 December 2009. *   Harvey, Oliver (9 May 2007). â€Å"TESCO kills of Well St Market†. The Sun(London). Retrieved 13 December 2009. * Pagano, Margareta (16 May 1987). Shocked Hillards attacks greed of Prudential: Hartley disgusted with institutions after Tesco wins takeover battle†. The Guardian  (the sun). * â€Å"Tesco accused of ‘near monopoly'†. BBC. 17 January 2006. * â€Å"Inverness: Tescotown†. Retrieved 13 March 2006. *   Lorna Martin (1 January 2006). â€Å"The supermarket that ate a town†. The Observer  (UK). *   Walker, Gaelle (11 November 2006). â€Å"Online failing todeliver†. The Grocer(William Reed Publications): p. 6. *   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Business as usual for Sir Terry after 10 years in charge†. Birmingham Post(Midland Independent Newspapers): p. 24. 22 February 2007. *   Buckley, Neil (22 November 1995). People: Leahy rings Tesco's tills†. Financial Times: p. 40. *   Cunningham, Sarah (22 March 1997). â€Å"Tesco pays ? 630m for ABF's Irish business†. The Times  (Times Newspapers). â€Å"Tesco's Irish move approved†. Financial Times. 7 May 1997. *   Savill, Richard (12 June 2001). â€Å"Tesco bomb blackmailer is jailed for 16 years†. The Daily Telegraph  (UK). Retrieved 12 April 2011. *   Helft, Miguel (2001). â€Å"Tesco buys stake in GroceryWorks†. The Industry Standard. * O'Halloran, Marie (25 July 2009). â€Å"Unicef accuses Tesco of misusing charity slogan†. The Irish Times. *   McBride, Louise (26 July 2009). â€Å"Tesco in clash with Unicef†. The Irish Independent.   Malkin, Bonnie (14 November 2007). â€Å"Spice Girls go shopping at Tesco†. London: The Telegraph. Retrieved 19 September 2010. â€Å"AEW Architects†. AEW Architects. Retrieved 2011-08-16. *   Leroux, Marcus (22 March 2010). â€Å"Tesco’s secret chain charges customers more – Times Online†. The Times  (UK). Retrieved 11 November 2010. *   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Tesco announces non-food store trials†. Retrieved 13 March 2006. *   Jordan, Dearbail (8 June 2007). â€Å"Tesco swoops on Dobbies Garden Centres†. The Times  (London: Times Newspapers). Retrieved 8 June 2007. *   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Offer Declared Unconditional in all Respects†. Dobbies  (Dobbies): p. 1. 17 August 2007. Retrieved 19 August 2007.

Pros Cons of Imc Channels - 2299 Words

Introduction Marketing is the concept of moving goods from the producer to the consumer. Marketing communication is the way of approaching to the consumer. The most effective way of marketing communication is advertising and so advertising can be referred as marketing communication channel. But there are varieties of ways to attract the consumers. And, a marketer needs to choose the effective way of communicating to their target markets. Marketing communication channels accomplish a specific communication task with a specific target audience during a specific period of time. Ref: Kotler, P. Armstrong, G. (2004) Principles of Marketing, 10th Edition, Pearson, Prentice Hall Among the different marketing communication channels or†¦show more content†¦There are different kinds of newspaper as weekly, daily etc. As my product is advertising mobile sets, newspaper can be used as one of the effective source of advertising and to support this, I am going to provide the strengths and weaknesses of the newspaper advertisement regarding the product mobile set. Newspaper Advertisement Decisions: In order to choose which newspaper to go for advertisement of the mobile sets, I need to analyze the structure of newspapers. The structure includes frequency of publication, size, circulation and most importantly who are the readers of that newspaper. While advertising Mobile sets in the newspapers, a marketer most probably goes for the paper in which publication is regular and the size of that paper should be big and the circulation should be large. Most importantly the readers should be matched with the target market in which the marketer want to reach. Generally, mobile advertisements are given to those newspaper, which are used by the young generation, students or business people, and fashionable people who always believes in changing or upgrading. Strengths of Newspaper Advertisement (regarding the product as: Mobile Sets) Generally, advertisement in the newspaper is cheaper compared to other mediums as broadcast media or magazines etc. Newspaper advertising is timely as the paper comes out on a regular basis. Readers can read andShow MoreRelatedMarketing Communication : The Chocolate Company, M M s974 Words   |  4 Pagesmarketers and IMC has been widely used by marketers in terms of communicating with customers. Different communication tool has diverse function and they are applied in the specific situations based on their pros and cons. 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